montaigne and descartes on doubting Essay -- essays research papers

Montaigne and Descartes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Montaigne and Descartes both made use of a philosophical method that focused on the use of doubt to make discoveries about themselves and the world around them. However, they doubted different things. Descartes doubted all his previous knowledge from his senses, while Montaigne doubted that there were any absolute certainties in knowledge. Although they both began their philosophical processes by doubting, Montaigne doubting a constant static self, and Descartes doubted that anything existed at all, Descartes was able to move past that doubt to find one indubitably certainty, â€Å"I think, therefore I am†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How often do we question what is real or true? Descartes believed that doubting everything that he knew to be truthful knowledge was the only way to find out what was actually true and real. He turned doubting into a key principle for his methods of philosophy. Descartes would ask what we really knew beyond the shadow of a doubt. To do this he resolves to search within himself (Descartes 9). First though, since he decided to doubt everything, he had to put aside all of the knowledge that he supposedly knew, to search out the truth (Descartes 13). He did this blindly, not knowing whether the truth is the knowledge that he already knew and was forcing himself to put aside, or that the truth is some knowledge he did not know that would replace his previous forms of knowledge. Descartes decided that he did not need to prove that all of his knowledge was false, but only that all of his knowledge was not certain. He did not, however, spend time examining every one of hi s bits of knowledge. Instead after setting all of his previous knowledge aside he tried to find one thing outside of his knowledge that was certain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only did Descartes set aside all of his previous knowledge, but he also set aside all knowledge he had gained, and that he continued to gain from his five senses. He would not believe what his eyes saw, or what his hand felt, because he could not yet determine his senses as giving him knowledge that could be turned into certainties. He did not have any reason to believe that he could rely on his senses. Descartes doubting of his senses also caused him to reject any knowledge that he had gained through life experience. Most of the knowl... ...se which†¦belong exclusively to the mind†¦things are sensed through understanding, understood through senses (Montaigne 414)†. It is also important to realize that our mind doubts things because it knows its own limits. Thus since we know nothing to be certain it is important to use softening phrases such as â€Å"perhaps, somewhat, some, they say, I think, and so on (356)†. Montaigne was constantly amazed at how much knowledge we claimed to be sure of.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout Montaigne’s and Descartes written work they used doubt as a method to attaining knowledge about the world and about themselves. Descartes believed that preconceived knowledge gained through learning and the senses must be set aside in order to discover certainties. Montaigne believed that there were no certainties because our knowledge was attained through our senses, and thus everyone’s knowledge would be different, because everyone senses things differently. Either way both men turned into themselves to find the knowledge they described in their philosophies. They both left us with one important bit of knowledge to carry with us throughout our lives, accept nothing, and question everything.

A Prryhic Victory Analysis

ENGL 2, MWF 12:10 Jordan Morgan November 9, 2012 â€Å"A Pyrrhic Victory† Analysis For years there has been the never-ending controversial issue regarding condom being distributed within the United States high schools. January 8, 1994, Anna Quindlen publishes her article, â€Å"A Pyrrhic Victory,† in the New York Times, where she states that not allowing condoms to be distributed in high schools is self-defeating, harmful to students, and inconvenient for parents.Quindlen attempts to persuade readers, but is not completely successful. Quindlen provides a rhetorical example that is intended to demonstrate a need for condom distribution within the schools. She, then, introduces Dr. Cohall as an authority figure and explains that the opt-out idea, from the previous example, is likely to be used. Quindlen provides raw numbers about sexually transmitted diseases and gives specific examples that are intended to demonstrate that parents are not adequately teaching their childr en.Furthermore, she claims that many of her opponents live in Fantasyland and then provides a specific example that is intended to demonstrate this. Finally, Quindlen claims that condoms are not the real issue, but deeper parent-child difficulties are. Quindlen was aiming for a specific reaction from the reader. Her main goal is to persuade the reader enough that they will end up viewing her opinion on condom distribution as if it were their own. Because her article reaches out to readers of all ages, she is hoping that it would move her readers into taking action upon this issue.She wants students in high school to starting demanding that their schools provide them with condoms, and she hopes that those who are faculty at schools stand up and start distributing them. As a result of her article, Quindlen is hoping to make a difference just by publishing her article. In the very first sentence of Quindlen’s article she says, â€Å"Pop quiz. † By using his statement she is identifying roles. In school, the teacher is the person who would give a pop quiz after teaching something. So by saying this she creates a subject position that makes her the teacher, and the readers are the students.By stating this phase she is assigning the responsibilities of the teacher and student. Quindlen, as the teacher, has the right to teach that condom distribution is the right thing to do, while the readers are expected to just intake this information as if there are no other options. She provides a scenario of a high school boy who was denied a condom from the school nurse and in result, he got a sexually transmitted disease. After this scenario, she provides a multiple choice question that implies that there is only one correct answer, hers.Although Quindlen has identified who the student and teacher are, her tool fails because students, quite frequently, despise their teachers. By immediately springing a pop quiz on the reader, she has irritated the readers by mak ing them emotionally inferior to her. This tool is inefficient because Quindlen blindsides her readers with unexpected emotion. Quindlen introduces Dr. Cohall, a pediatrician into her article where she refers to him as a â€Å"champion of condom distribution. † Just because Dr. Cohall is a pediatrician does not make him a champion of condom distribution, let alone a champion at all.Pediatricians work with young children who are not sexually active, therefore sexually transmitted diseases would not be present and there would be no reason to be distributing condoms in that profession. Dr. Cohall later states that there were one hundred and fifty cases of sexually transmitted diseases within the three high school clinics that he put on in 1992. Quindlen rephrases Cohall’s statement and writes it as â€Å"150 cases† to purposely catch the readers’ attention and to make them react as if that is a large number of cases. Also, these cases could possibly be a rep eated case for the same person.For example, one student can have five cases, another could have three, and so forth. This number misrepresents how many students are reporting sexually transmitted diseases. Also, Dr. Cohall does not state the total number of students at each of the three schools. There could be two hundred students and one hundred and fifty cases could have a sexually transmitted disease, or there could be one hundred and fifty cases out of two thousand students. The total number is not explained which weakens her argument. She also represents the number of cases combined within three schools, which means that each school has approximately fifty cases.That does not sound nearly as outstanding as what she stated. Dr. Cohall is simply providing raw numbers, which leaves a lot of uncertainty. If Dr. Coholl had reported his numbers as a general population he would have a much higher authority. Therefore, Dr. Coholl has little creditability and is not much of a resource f or Quindlen. Quindlen refers to Dr. Cohall, again, and tells the story of what happened to a girl whose mother found out that she is sexually active. According to the teenage girl, her mother found her birth control pills, seized her by the throat and said, â€Å"I brought you into this world; I can take you out of it. After this threat, the girl squeezed out of her mother’s grip and jumped out her window to escape her mother and in result, broke her leg. Quindlen uses this story as an example of her idea of parent-child sex talks. This example is not logical. The reason the girl was trying to escape her mother in the first place is because she feared for her life, so it would make no sense for her to turn around and risk her life by jumping out of the window. Again, this source is not credible. The typical parent approaches this subject in a very sensitive matter and avoids attacking their child.Due to the fact that her source in not credible and her example is too extreme, Quindlen’s argument is flawed and ineffective. Quindlen explains the problems she has with ABC Network because they have removed the commercials about condoms during primetime television. ABC complained that condoms were too inappropriate for family-oriented television, when in fact, the condom commercials were mild and informative. Quindlen provides an analogy between condom commercials and the primetime television show Roseanne. She states that the show is much more candid about sexual activity than the condom commercials.Roseanne shows the indiscrete sexual relationship between her and her husband. Roseanne’s sister, Jackie, is known on the show for having one night stands and being openly lesbian. Quindlen claims that ABC is being hypocritical in the sense that they are showing Roseanne on the, so-called, family-oriented network during primetime, but refuses to show mild condom commercials. Quindlen makes an efficient argument by stating that children are left mor e curious about sex after watching Roseanne than they would be after seeing a condom commercial.This analogy does support and strengthen her argument in her article. In her article, Quindlen shows a persona of superiority and sarcasm. She clearly proves in the first paragraph that she feels the reader is ignorant and that she, being superior, must teach the reader the correct way to think. Quindlen is only weakening her argument by implying that her readers need to be taught what to think. Quindlen is showing her sarcasm by say things, such as â€Å"Don’t you just love those mother-daughter sex talks? † not only to entertain readers, but to also entertain herself.Her persona comes across as arrogant when she uses sarcasm in certain situations. For example, a girl throwing herself out of a window should be a tragic event, but Quindlen is sarcastic about it which makes it seem as though she is not taking it seriously. Sarcasm, used correctly, can be effective, but in thi s case, it was facetious. When talking about serious matters such as sexually transmitted diseases and condoms, readers are stuck questioning Quindlen’s egocentric persona instead of focusing on the matter at hand.In her New York Times article, â€Å"A Pyrrhic Victory,† Anna Quindlen takes her stand on condom distribution in high schools throughout the United States. She claims that we are harming students by not distributing condoms in schools, and that it shouldn’t be the parents’ responsibility because they are too ignorant to handle the situation. Her attempt to persuade the reader of her beliefs is flawed and ineffective. She starts the article by providing a subject position that creates emotions within the reader against Quindlen personally. Her statistics from Dr.Cohall are incomplete and her reference to the girl in the story involves a source that is not credible. On the other hand, she does provide a strong analogy about Roseanne and condom com mercials, but it is not strong enough to compensate for the rest of the weaknesses throughout the article. Finally, Quindlen’s persona of sarcasm and superiority harms her argument by creating questions and doubt within the reader. Quindlen fails to convince readers that condom distribution is essential, and irritates the reader by pointing out their incompetence.

Declaration Of Fitness And Sit Examination Essay - 935 Words

DECLARATION OF FITNESS TO SIT EXAMINATION OR SUBMIT SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Students must complete the information below. Please refer to the front of your examination paper or assessment instructions for further information. School School of Foundation and English Language Studies Programme English for Academic Purposes (Pathway to HE Certificate) Summative Assessment Title Is Prison the best form of punishment for people who commit serious offences? Date submitted 26th October 2016 I am not aware of any medical or other extenuating circumstances that would impair my performance in this examination or submit this assignment Student Number BP0153057 This sheet will be collected by an invigilator during the examination. Please do not leave your desk until it has been collected. This must be NOT be signed when submitted – student number only Plagiarism Statement I confirm that I have been made aware of the meaning and consequences of plagiarism and that this assessment is all my own independent work. Where information has been taken from other sources appropriate references have been provided. I have not copied or shared this information with anyone. Student number BP0153057 Please note that if you are found to have plagiarised you may be in danger of being withdrawn from your programme Long term imprisonment plays a vital role in the criminal justice system. The longer a convicted criminal is detained in prison, the more their mental health couldShow MoreRelatedDying Declaration6938 Words   |  28 PagesIntroduction: A dying declaration is a statement made by a dying person as to the cause of his death or as to any circumstances of the transaction that resulted in his death. It is evidence under Section 32 (1) of Indian Evidence Act,1872. 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Coca Cola Green Initiatives - 1032 Words

Coca Cola Green Initiatives Nicole Johnson MGT/470 Green Initiatives Implementation of sustainability plans by small businesses and global organizations have become one of the top priorities for businesses. Companies have become environmentally conscious of materials used in the production of goods, energy use in manufacturing, and modes of transportation for products. These organizations have become active in the effort to reduce greenhouse gases by using energy efficient facilities, recyclable materials in building new facilities, and alternative transportation methods. The Coca-Cola Company is not an exception. Coca Cola has manufacturing plants across the globe. The company consults with the bottling partners and outlays†¦show more content†¦The KORE total quality management system is mandated at all plants across the continent. ISO standards can be seen across Coca Cola’s manufacturing process. Water consumption at Coca Cola exhibits key components of ISO standards. During the manufacturing process the company returns water to the environment to support agriculture and aquatic life. Recyclable products are used in the packaging of products. The company has made investments in technology that supports the use of recyclable materials. Energy and emissions is another area where ISO standards can be found. Transportation, vending machines, and facilities are all areas where energy consumption is monitored at Coca Cola. Benefits Consumers and stakeholders benefit from the efforts initiated by Coca Cola in the area of sustainability. Global consumers benefit because the company showcases a wide variety of beverages in multiple markets. The quality controls in place ensure that the product packaging meets the requirements of consumers. Costs are in line with the market. Stakeholders benefit from the initiatives because the company is taking a responsible approach to manufacture the beverages. 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The Lost Boy - 1478 Words

A Child Called it In his two novels A Child Called it, and The Lost Boy, the author, Dave Pelzer explains about his childhood. During that time, author was a young boy from an age 3 to an age 9. Davids mother has started to call him The Boy and it. The author mainly covers the relationship between his family. His main focus point is the bond between his mother and him. He describes his mother as a beautiful woman, who loves and cherished her kids , who changed from this The Mother, who abused him because she was alcoholic and was sick. The Mother used David to take her anger out. An abusive mother who systematically closed down any escape he may have from her clutches. Shuts out any source for food for the poor starving child.†¦show more content†¦The endless sea of faces, prodding me, teaching me to make the right choices, and helping me in my quest for success. Daves purpose of writing these books was to tell the world, how he was treated like many other kids are treated in the families. He was giving a message to other people, how child abuse had changed over many years. There are many kids in the world who are mistreated like David was. Reading his book makes you realize and makes you see through a child perpective of getting abused by this own mother. Obviously, the stories of Daves childhood are difficult to read. At times, I had to put the book down and walk away for a few days before I could continue. So why would anyone want to read this book, with its seemingly endless tales of torture and cruelty? More importantly, why should anyone read it? There are two reasons, the first being that Pelzers tale is a testament to how much the human spirit can endure and remain whole. Pelzer tells of his resolve to not be defeated. With each incident, Dave managed to find some way to placate his mother. While he couldnt make the abuse stop, he learned how to manipulate his mothers behavior enough to keep the immediate situation from getting even more ugly. Each time his mother walks away from him, you get the feeling that he would like to shout out after her, Ha! You didnt kill me this time, bitch, and you arent going to kill me next time either! It isShow MoreRelatedThe Lost Boys Of Sudan Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Lost Boy s of Sudan; the Long, Long, Long Road to Fargo† by Sara Corbett, The New York Times April 1, 2001. SPEAKER: Sara Corbett, a contributing New York Times writer and journalist, is the speaker and narrator of the lost boys of Sudan. She mainly writes about the struggles of people around the world and the fortitude, or courage, they uphold. 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With sword fights between pirates, fairy dust, flying away from home right out the window and death beingRead MoreDifferent Times, Different Ideals1267 Words   |  6 Pagescompanionship of a male character, which often results in jealousy. Wendy and Tinker, being the two main female characters of the story, represent these two different types of women acceptable in the Victorian Era. Wendy, who is a mother-like figure to the Lost Boys and a female accomplice for Peter, seems to be the only female character in the novel that is a â€Å"fitting† women of the time period with the traits of being both parental as well as desiring the companionship of Peter. Tinker Bell, on the other hand

Human Growth Hormone Deficiency Free Essays

HGH You may have never heard of hypopituitarism until your child was diagnosed with it. Hypopituitarism occurs when the anterior (front) lobe of the pituitary gland loses its ability to make hormones. The resulting symptoms depend on which hormones are no longer being produced by the gland. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Growth Hormone Deficiency or any similar topic only for you Order Now The  pituitary gland  controls many hormones including the  growth hormone. A case with hypopituitarism could have symptoms that involve blood pressure, blood sugar, kidney function, sexual drive and multiple other things not just stunted growth, versus a growth hormone deficiency that would only affect growth. Symptoms of Growth Hormone deficiency in children include the following: Short stature, low growth velocity (speed) for age and pubertal stage, increased amount of fat around the waist, The child may look younger than other children his or her age, delayed tooth development Symptoms of Growth Hormone deficiency in adults include the following: low energy, decreased strength and exercise tolerance, decreased muscle mass, weight gain, especially around the waist, Feelings of anxiety, depression, or sadness causing a change in social behavior, thin and dry skin. Successful treatment of the underlying condition causing hypopituitarism may lead to a complete or partial recovery of your body’s normal production of pituitary hormones. The usual treatment for pituitary tumors is surgery to remove the growth. In some instances, doctors also recommend radiation treatment. If hormone deficiencies continue after treatment, then you’ll need prescriptions of one or more hormone replacement medications. These drugs are considered as â€Å"replacement† rather than treatment, because the dosages are set to match the amounts that your body would normally manufacture if it didn’t have a pituitary problem. Treatment is usually lifelong. There is no cure for hypopituitarism. How to cite Human Growth Hormone Deficiency, Essay examples

The Concept Of Power In Politics Essay Example For Students

The Concept Of Power In Politics Essay The Meaning of PowerThe instrumental character of power is that of a means to an end. It includes the tools, resources, and abilities used to pursue goals. The meaning of power and its role in politics is understood first with a background of its dual nature. De jure refers to the theory of power. The concept of absolute power, considers tangible factors. When comparing nations power, money and gross national product are units of measure; the United States is more powerful than Mexico. Army size and strength are also measurable. World powers, such as the U.S., Britain, and Japan, defeat countries with smaller, weaker armies. From an objective standpoint, tangible assets make a country a world power. But world powers and their leaders also possess intangible qualities. De facto is the subjective aspect of power that is immeasurable. Charisma, such as that of Mahatma Ghandi and Martin Luther King, could not be described, but made them successful leaders. The will to win or morale of people, especially athletes, is power. De facto power is continually changing because of the relative character of power, to time, situation, and contending parties. When power is applied in interaction with contending parties, the situational factors of power and politics come into play. Power is initially proven in a political situation through credibility. The opposing partys belief that you have power and will use it makes them take you seriously. It makes them respond to you, and the interest you are pursuing. For example, the United States wants more oil production from the OPEC nations. The U.S. has power, as mentioned before, and credibility based on its world power status. OPECs response will be based on this credibility along with the U.S.s capability. What the United States has and can do reestablishes the countrys de jure power. OPECs oil-producing countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq, know the U.S. has a strong army. But they do not know the U.S.s plan for using this power. The U.S. could decide to use the army, as a form of physical power if the request is denied. Or, the country could use economic power, in the form of trade restrictions. The percentage of power the U.S. utilizes depends on intention. The importance of the countrys goals determines the United States intention to obtain more oil. Is this a strong intention, requiring one-hundred percent effort and power? Oil is vital to the U.S., in its industries and to its people, for their economic and personal needs. The more necessary oil is for the U.S. to achieve its goals in these areas, the more power will be utilized to get the oil. The contending party, the OPEC nations, is the outside factor in this political situation. The ways in which the United States pursues this issue may include up to eight manifestations of power. It is best to use the less extreme measure of bargaining first. The United States may trade or provide aid to foreign countries to get the oil. Authority, the U.S.s power of position, or prestige, the power of ideology to motivate, may manifest. These are more psychological forms of power. Intelligence, having knowledge of the opponents intention, and influence, bringing information to bear, are more applicable to individual political situations than world politics. However, if the United States knew OPEC intended to restrict oil, the country could form an alliance with other countries to get more oil production from OPEC. More extreme manifestations of power, such as manipulation, coercion, and pure force, are unlikely to occur in this situation because their application contributes more to political failure than success. In the past, Americans have rejected leaders who have engaged in war. Civilian behavior during the Vietnam War is a prime example of public dissatisfaction with go vernment activities. Though more oil should benefit the American people, a war over oil will most likely be viewed negatively. Leaders concerned with political success will avoid war and other extreme manifestations of power in favor of more moderate actions. This oil example is just one state of affairs with possibilities for success and failure. In pursuing oil for economic success and wealth, the United States government must retain the respect of the public. This example represents legitimacy in politics, which states that values must be compatible. I believe this is the most important principle for American leaders to keep in mind in deciding the forms of power they use and the manifestations their power takes on.